3x3 Speedcubing: The Ultimate Limits Forecast

History · Methods · Hardware · Math · Biomech · Top Cubers · Training · Statistics — toward a single & average forecast.

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Biomech: The TPS Ceiling

Three independent biomech benchmarks:

Piano single-finger tap: Aoki & Kinoshita 2001 (Ergonomics 44(15)) — pianists 6.0-6.7 Hz (index/middle), 5.0-5.5 Hz (ring/little).
Dual-hand drum stroke: Keita Hattori 2024 Guinness — 22.2 strokes/s (1334/min). Two-hand alternating ceiling.
Sustained cubing TPS: Wang 3.08 = 14.61 sustained. Feliks 2012 estimated 11-12 ceiling, broken by Wang generation.

Cubing TPS ceiling estimate: sustained 17, burst 20-22. 17 × 50 STM = 2.94 s, 17 × 28 STM (Zajder path) = 1.65 s — matches "100-yr reachable 1.5 s".

STM-TPS contours (T = STM/TPS + 0.05 s reaction):

STM \ TPS	10	12	14	16	18	20
60	6.05	5.05	4.34	3.80	3.39	3.05
50	5.05	4.22	3.62	3.18	2.83	2.55
40	4.05	3.38	2.91	2.55	2.27	2.05
30	3.05	2.55	2.19	1.93	1.72	1.55
20	2.05	1.72	1.48	1.30	1.16	1.05
16	1.65	1.38	1.19	1.05	0.94	0.85

Reading. Zajder 2.76 ≈ 29 STM × 10.5 TPS → cell 30/10 = 3.05. 100-yr asymptote ≈ 24 STM × 16 TPS ≈ 1.55 s. Math wall ≈ 16 STM × 17 TPS = 1.0 s.

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